German shepherd diet for weight loss
Obesity is one of the most common medical conditions affecting dogs and cats in the U. org. Thus, the change in body weight that was observed in the control group was as expected, given the protein content and glycemic-index value of the diet. (2015) The role of higher protein diets in weight control and obesity-related comorbidities. Monitoring Food Intake The study participants weighed their food and completed food diaries for 3 consecutive days at the time of screening (9 to 11 weeks before randomized assignment to the maintenance intervention), 4 weeks after randomization, and at the end of the 26-week intervention. W. All five diets were designed to have a moderate fat content (25 to 30% of total energy consumed) with no restrictions on energy intake (i. J. Depoortere. (2016) Risk Differences Between Prediabetes And Diabetes According To Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes. The number of adverse events was lower in the group assigned to the diet that was low in protein with a high glycemic index than in any of the other groups, but the pattern of adverse events does not suggest any causal relation to the diet (for further details on adverse events, see the Supplementary Appendix ). Another cause of weight gain is giving your pet too many treats. Tack, I. The calculation of nutrient intake was performed with the use of local food databases, as described previously. The role of low-fat diets in body weight control: a meta-analysis of ad libitum dietary intervention studies. A. The European Commission Food Quality and Safety Priority of the Sixth Framework Programme (the main sponsor of the study) had no role in the design of the study or in the analysis or interpretation of the data. Your veterinarian can help you develop a diet and exercise plan to keep your pet fit and trim. Krauss. (2016) Cardiometabolic Syndrome and Increased Risk of Heart Failure. G. (2016) The Effectiveness of Different Diet Strategies to Reduce Type 2 Diabetes Risk in Youth. Visits for dietary counseling took place every other week during the first 6 weeks and monthly thereafter. Citing Articles 1 Nicola Guess. Greenway, Nikhil V. Article Activity 272 articles have cited this article Article The importance of the composition of a diet for the prevention and management of obesity is debated. (2015) Saturated Fats Versus Polyunsaturated Fats Versus Carbohydrates for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment. Molecular Targets and Strategies in Cancer Prevention, 117-149. We performed a sensitivity analysis, assuming a 1-kg weight gain per month in participants who had dropped out of the study. S. Hill, Mary Yannakoulia. CrossRef 34 Johanna H. (2016) PREVIEW Behavior Modification Intervention Toolbox (PREMIT): A Study Protocol for a Psychological Element of a Multicenter Project. Food Funct. Liu, G. A small dog may weigh about the same as a cat, while large-breed dogs may weigh sixty pounds or more. Thijs, S. Clifton, Leodevico L. (2015) The Effect of an Egg Breakfast on Satiety in Children and Adolescents: A Randomized Crossover Trial. CrossRef 78 Stefan M. A reduced-glycemic load diet in the treatment of adolescent obesity. CrossRef 56 Qiyang Shou, Fangming Chen, Yueqin Cai, Shanxin Zhang, Jue Tu, Lizong Zhang, Dejun Wang, Jianchao Wang, Minli Chen, Huiying Fu. Halford. Riecke, Jens Aaboe, Rikke Frederiksen, Mikael Boesen, L. CrossRef 63 Lu Qi. Sievenpiper, A. Participants could also eat up to 400 g of vegetables, providing a total, including the low-calorie diet, of 3. Stefan Lohmander, Arne Astrup, Henning Bliddal. Give him dry food rather than canned food (dry food usually has fewer calories). Briand, J. Montella. (2016) Protein-Pacing Caloric-Restriction Enhances Body Composition Similarly in Obese Men and Women during Weight Loss and Sustains Efficacy during Long-Term Weight Maintenance. The authors attest that the study was performed in accordance with the protocol and the statistical analysis plan. Place your fingers on the side of her rib cage and press or rub gently. The dropout rate (29%) was higher than the expected rate of 20%, 11 possibly owing to difficulty in maintaining motivation in whole families over the course of the 26 weeks of the study. Riccardi, S. Ciliberto, D. (2016) Postprandial insulin and glucose levels are reduced in healthy subjects when a standardised breakfast meal is supplemented with a filtered sugarcane molasses concentrate. 2016. It was assumed that the correlation between weight regain at two visits decreased with the number of weeks between the visits and that the decrease per week was constant. The analyses were adjusted for the body-mass index at the time of randomization and the change in body weight from the beginning of the low-calorie-diet phase to the time of randomization as covariates and diet group, sex, and type of center (shop or instruction) as factors. Di Bonito, G. CrossRef 14 Lee Margolis, Donato Rivas, Yassine Ezzyat, Erin Gaffney-Stomberg, Andrew Young, James McClung, Roger Fielding, Stefan Pasiakos. No difference in body weight decrease between a low-glycemic-index and a high-glycemic-index diet but reduced LDL cholesterol after 10-wk ad libitum intake of the low-glycemic-index diet. e1. The completion analysis, which included all participants for whom data were available from both the time of randomization and the end of the trial intervention, was performed with the use of analysis of covariance. Glycemic response and health -- a systematic review and meta-analysis: relations between dietary glycemic properties and health outcomes. A review of the experimental and epidemiologic data. ). Ludwig, Arne Astrup, Walter C. (2016) Designing food delivery systems: challenges related to the in vitro methods employed to determine the fate of bioactives in the gut. (2016) Interactions between Starch, Lipids, and Proteins in Foods: Microstructure Control for Glycemic Response Modulation. If your pet is older, his weight gain may be attributed to lower activity and metabolism levels. (2016) Calorie Restricted High Protein Diets Downregulate Lipogenesis and Lower Intrahepatic Triglyceride Concentrations in Male Rats. CrossRef 44 Livia S. Riccardi, A. Mean intakes of energy and macronutrients, the glycemic index, and the glycemic load were compared with the use of one-way analysis of variance. Overweight pets also have a greater chance of tearing ligaments and wearing down their joints, both of which make getting around painful. Jebb, Anthony Kafatos, Angeliki Papadaki, Andreas F. CrossRef 15 Daniela Kahlert, Annelie Unyi-Reicherz, Gareth Stratton, Thomas Meinert Larsen, Mikael Fogelholm, Anne Raben, Wolfgang Schlicht. Pets weigh much less than people, so an extra pound or two makes a big difference. CrossRef 46 Snigdha Misra, Geok L Khor, Peter Mitchell, Samsul Haque, David Benton. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 56:4, 541-590. Saris. Forouhi. 7 glycemic-index units between the low-glycemic-index and the high-glycemic-index groups. De Laurentiis, M. Higher dietary adherence might have resulted in even greater weight loss. The control diet, which followed dietary guidelines in each participating country, had a moderate protein content and did not include instructions to participants with respect to the glycemic index. 2015. Nichols, Victor J. Disclosure forms provided by the authors are available with the full text of this article at NEJM. We used families as the unit of randomization, since we thought that adult participants would be more likely to adhere to the diet if the entire family had the same diet. Measurement of urinary nitrogen excretion confirmed adherence to the diets (high-protein vs. (2016) Carbohydrate quantity and quality and cardio-metabolic risk. CrossRef 35 Eleni Karfopoulou, Dora Brikou, Eirini Mamalaki, Fragiskos Bersimis, Costas A. Treatment of obesity: lifestyle and pharmacotherapy. Gene-Diet Interaction and Weight Management. Atkins and other low-carbohydrate diets: hoax or an effective tool for weight loss. Randomized trial on protein vs carbohydrate in ad libitum fat reduced diet for the treatment of obesity. (2015) Biologic Responses to Weight Loss and Weight Regain: Report From an American Diabetes Association Research Symposium. Despite issues of adherence, we believe that our results are generalizable to obese people, particularly if diets are facilitated by easy access to low-glycemic-index foods and a culture that supports these dietary changes. Blaak. High-protein weight-loss diets: are they safe and do they work. Comparative effects of three popular diets on lipids, endothelial function, and C-reactive protein during weight maintenance. (2016) Weight loss predictability by plasma metabolic signatures in adults with obesity and morbid obesity of the DiOGenes study. (2015) Effect of Weight Maintenance on Symptoms of Knee Osteoarthritis in Obese Patients: A Twelve-Month Randomized Controlled Trial. Media in This Article Figure 1 Screening, Randomization, and Follow-up of Study Participants. Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A TO Z Weight Loss Study: a randomized trial. The local sponsors and food manufacturers had no influence on the selection of foods found in the two shops, nor were they involved in designing the study or in analyzing and interpreting data. Genomics, Proteomics and Metabolomics in Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, 41-52. CrossRef 74 Robin Christensen, Marius Henriksen, Anthony R. CrossRef 43 Kayoung Lee. Jones, Penny Kris-Etherton, Geeta Sikand, Ralph La Forge, Stephen R. CrossRef 5 Javier Parada, Jose L. S. Low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets for overweight and obesity. (2015) National Lipid Association Recommendations for Patient-Centered Management of Dyslipidemia: Part 2. CrossRef 17 Paul Arciero, Rohan Edmonds, Feng He, Emery Ward, Eric Gumpricht, Alex Mohr, Michael Ormsbee, Arne Astrup. However, the results indicate that even a modest increase in dietary protein or a modest reduction in glycemic-index values was sufficient to minimize weight regain and promote further weight loss in obese patients after a successful weight-loss diet. The Diogenes project was supported by a contract (FP6-2005-513946) from the European Commission Food Quality and Safety Priority of the Sixth Framework Program. Provenza, Michel Meuret, Pablo Gregorini. Siri-Tarino. CrossRef 54 L. The principal investigator at each study center collected the local data, which were entered into a data-registration system (EpiData) 12 and transferred to a central data hub. CrossRef 36 Santiago Navas-Carretero, Claus Holst, Wim H. The protocol, including the statistical analysis plan, is available with the full text of this article at NEJM. S. (2016) Dietary patterns in weight loss maintenance: results from the MedWeight study. A. are obese. M. 11 Coding of food according to the glycemic index was performed separately from coding according to nutrient intake. Since there were no differences in fiber intake, the difference in body weight, though small, can be ascribed to a true effect of the glycemic index. We report here the results of the 26-week weight-maintenance intervention phase of the study. The differences that were achieved in the study were 5. No other potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. (2015) Weight maintenance following the STRIDE lifestyle intervention for individuals taking antipsychotic medications. CrossRef 3 Hui-Jie Zhang, Ling-Ling Pan, Zhi-Min Ma, Zheng Chen, Zhu-Feng Huang, Qian Sun, Yan Lu, Cheng-Kun Han, Ming-Zhu Lin, Xue-Jun Li, Shu-Yu Yang, Xiao-Ying Li. 11 The study was conducted in eight European countries: Denmark, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Greece (Crete), Germany, Spain, Bulgaria, and the Czech Republic. Johnstone, Jason C. This difference is consistent with results from a previous study. Results for nonobese adults and children in the study families are not reported here. Pfeiffer, Teodora Handjieva-Darlenska, Petr Hlavaty, Steen Stender, Thomas M. Ilag.
7:8, 3319-3336. La Vecchia, G. Effect on 24-h energy expenditure of a moderate-fat diet high in monounsaturated fatty acids compared with that of a low-fat, carbohydrate-rich diet: a 6-mo controlled dietary intervention trial. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 35:1, 20-30. The control diet was designed according to guidelines in each participating country and provided a slightly higher proportion of calories from protein than that in the low-protein groups (19% vs. (2016) More Frequent Clinic Visits Are Associated with Improved Outcomes for Children with NAFLD. 2015. The overall study leaders, together with the principal investigator at each study center, designed the study. (2016) Nutrition Interventions for Obesity. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 34:3, 185-190. (2016) The Impact of Gender and Protein Intake on the Success of Weight Maintenance and Associated Cardiovascular Risk Benefits, Independent of the Mode of Food Provision: The DiOGenes Randomized Trial. Participants were randomly assigned, in a two-by-two factorial design, to one of five ad libitum diets to prevent weight regain over a 26-week period: a low-protein and low-glycemic-index diet, a low-protein and high-glycemic-index diet, a high-protein and low-glycemic-index diet, a high-protein and high-glycemic-index diet, or a control diet. The intention-to-treat analysis included data from all participants who underwent randomization. Rizkalla, J. CrossRef 24 Alice S. Lifestyle Issues: Diet. CrossRef 77 Arne Astrup. Steensels, L. (2015) Using new technologies to promote weight management: a randomised controlled trial study protocol. Modern statistical methods for handling missing repeated measurements in obesity trial data: beyond LOCF. Rinaldo, E. You can control his caloric intake in a few ways. Weight regain in our study was relatively low (0. 6 kg), as compared with the total weight loss in most studies of similar length. Discussion In this study, the rate of completion of the intervention and the rate of maintenance of weight loss were higher among participants who were assigned to the high-protein diets and to the low-glycemic-index diets than among those who were assigned to the low-protein diets and to the high-glycemic-index diets (with no restrictions on energy intake in any of the diets). The Diet, Obesity and Genes (Diogenes) Dietary Study in eight European countries -- a comprehensive design for long-term intervention. , ad libitum diets), in order to test the ability of the diets to regulate appetite and body weight. This intention-to-treat model provides unbiased results under the assumption that missing data were missing at random. (2016) The Role of Macronutrient Content in the Diet for Weight Management. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 18:4, 389-394. Methods Study Protocol The study design, methods, and procedures have been described in detail previously. 2 MJ (800 to 1000 kcal) per day. Smilde, Ben van Ommen, Wim H. (2016) Meta-analysis of variance: an illustration comparing the effects of two dietary interventions on variability in weight. Wareham, Nita G. Smith, Robert Ratner. 7 kg less body weight than did the low-protein groups (P Adverse Events Four serious adverse events were reported during the weight-maintenance period. 05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. Baer-Sinnott, A. CrossRef 73 A Astrup, A Raben, N Geiker. In the shop centers, the high-protein groups gained 2. 3-MJ (800-kcal) low-calorie diet. CrossRef 39 Elena Arranz, Milena Corredig, Anilda Guri. Comparison of 4 diets of varying glycemic load on weight loss and cardiovascular risk reduction in overweight and obese young adults: a randomized controlled trial. After completion of this phase of the study, 773 participants entered the weight-maintenance phase ( Figure 1 Figure 1 Screening, Randomization, and Follow-up of Study Participants. (2015) Our landscapes, our livestock, ourselves: Restoring broken linkages among plants, herbivores, and humans with diets that nourish and satiate. (2016) Weighing up dietary patterns. (2015) Inhibition of Diethylnitrosamine-Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis in Mice by a High Dietary Protein Intake. M. (2015) Protein: A nutrient in focus. , according to recent studies indicating that 30 to 40 percent of U. CrossRef 64 Emily Arentson-Lantz, Stephanie Clairmont, Douglas Paddon-Jones, Angelo Tremblay, Rajavel Elango. (2015) Prospective associations and population impact of sweet beverage intake and type 2 diabetes, and effects of substitutions with alternative beverages. (2015) Weight regaining: From statistics and behaviors to physiology and metabolism. Abstract Background Studies of weight-control diets that are high in protein or low in glycemic index have reached varied conclusions, probably owing to the fact that the studies had insufficient power. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 19:4, 289-293. CrossRef 18 Arne Astrup, Jennie Brand-Miller, David J A Jenkins, Geoffrey Livesey, Walter C Willett. Virgil Brown. CrossRef 70 Bente Kiens, Arne Astrup. Study participants were instructed to maintain their weight loss during this phase, although further weight reduction was allowed. (2016) Weight Regain Following Intentional Weight Loss in Older Adults. We targeted a difference of 15 glycemic-index units between the high-glycemic-index diets and the low-glycemic-index diets and a difference of 12% of total energy consumed from protein between the high-protein diets and the low-protein diets. Jenkins, M. 1-kg greater weight loss with low-glycemic-index diets than with high-glycemic-index diets. The effect of dietary glycemic index on weight maintenance in overweight subjects: a pilot study. Van Den Broeck, T. Amore, M. In addition, the participants assigned to the diet that was high in protein with a low glycemic index continued to lose weight after the initial weight loss. CrossRef 57 Angelo Tremblay, France Bellisle. Odense, Denmark: Epidata Association, 2004. CrossRef 20 Ellen E. (2015) Approaches to influencing food choice across the age groups: from children to the elderly. CrossRef 16 Megan Gow, Sarah Garnett, Louise Baur, Natalie Lister. Dietary strategy to manipulate ad libitum macronutrient intake, and glycaemic index, across eight European countries in the Diogenes Study. 17% of total energy consumed), with a glycemic index between the high-glycemic-index and low-glycemic-index diets. Zeegers, Claus Holst, Ping Wang, Arne Astrup, Wim H. Willett. In conclusion, in this large, randomized study, a diet that was moderately high in protein content and slightly reduced in glycemic index improved the rate of completion of the intervention and maintenance of weight loss and therefore appears to be ideal for the prevention of weight regain. Libra, G. In addition, a linear regression analysis was performed to test the main effects of protein and glycemic index separately. Santos. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 45:3, 581-604. low-protein), but adherence decreased toward the end of the study. Stroeve, Edoardo Saccenti, Jildau Bouwman, Adrie Dane, Katrin Strassburg, Jacques Vervoort, Thomas Hankemeier, Arne Astrup, Age K. Local sponsors made financial contributions to the shop centers, which also received a number of foods free of charge from food manufacturers. John Sutton. Journal of Clinical Lipidology 9:6, S1-S122. CrossRef 60 Chun-Jun Li, Gunnar Norstedt, Zhao-Gian Hu, Pei Yu, Dai-Qing Li, Jing Li, Qian Yu, Magnus Sederholm, De-Min Yu. (2015) Glycemic index, glycemic load and glycemic response: An International Scientific Consensus Summit from the International Carbohydrate Quality Consortium (ICQC). Livesey, S. (2015) Long-term Weight Loss Maintenance. CrossRef 42 Carol Lam, Robert Bandsma, Simon Ling, Marialena Mouzaki. 4 percentage points of total energy in protein content between the high-protein and the low-protein groups and 4. Developing a methodology for assigning glycaemic index values to foods consumed across Europe. 9 However, previous studies were designed to investigate weight loss, not weight maintenance, rendering direct comparisons difficult. Seeley, Tamara Darsow, Erika Gebel Berg, Steven R. H. Ryan. A method to achieve control of dietary macronutrient composition in ad libitum diets consumed by free-living subjects. 3 to 4. Augustin, Laura Chiavaroli, Janice Campbell, Adish Ezatagha, Alexandra L. In both analyses, we adjusted for the same covariates as in the intention-to-treat analysis described above, as well as for the length of time between randomization and the end of the intervention. pets are overweight and 25 percent of pets in the U. Similar to people, too much weight causes health issues in pets such as respiratory problems, diabetes, arthritis and heart disease. (2015) The glycemic index: Reports of its demise have been exaggerated. (2015) Nutrients, satiety, and control of energy intake. Two-tailed P values of less than 0. 17 The model considered all available weight recordings during the intervention for all participants who underwent randomization and assumed that the weight changes in participants who dropped out of the study followed the same course. (2015) A pilot study to determine the short-term effects of milk with differing glycaemic properties on sleep among toddlers: a randomised controlled trial. (2016) Long-term effect of exercise on improving fatty liver and cardiovascular risk factors in obese adults: A 1-year follow-up study. (2015) Ketogenic Diets for Fat Loss and Exercise Performance. The interactions between diet and sex and between diet and type of center were included in the model. org. However, subgroup analyses suggested that the high-protein diets were more effective at the shop centers, whereas the low-glycemic-index effect was greater at the instruction centers. Suboptimal adherence, perhaps owing to insufficient knowledge of the content of local foods, may have accounted for the failure to reach the targeted differences in protein and glycemic index. The same weight loss methods that work in humans also apply to pets. Alfredo Martinez. There was no significant interaction between the high-protein diets and the low-glycemic-index diets. 56 kg), and the overall weight loss in all participants who completed the intervention was therefore quite high (10. Ito, Harold E. e. The groups did not differ significantly with respect to diet-related adverse events. Poli. Siri-Tarino, Sally Chiu, Nathalie Bergeron, Ronald M. Bays, W. Dhurandhar. Methods We enrolled overweight adults from eight European countries who had lost at least 8% of their initial body weight with a 3. L. Figure 2 Total 24-Hour Urinary Nitrogen Excretion and Changes in Body Weight. 21 Furthermore, a Cochrane meta-analysis of intervention studies showed that there was a 1. 13 Moore CS, Lindroos AK, Kreutzer M, et al. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 56:14, 2362-2369. Anastasiou, Eleni Karfopoulou, Mary Yannakoulia. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2016, 1-6. Stevens. The effects of high protein diets on thermogenesis, satiety and weight loss: a critical review. (2015) Chemosensory signalling pathways involved in sensing of amino acids by the ghrelin cell. Botti, M. To account for bias resulting from different rates of dropout among the groups, we used a mixed model to evaluate the weight changes (assessed at eight time points during the 26-week intervention). Ard, Gary Miller, Scott Kahan. CrossRef 50 Monica Jane, Jonathan Foster, Martin Hagger, Sebely Pal. Simpson, David Raubenheimer. (2015) Effects of a Macro-Nutrient Preload on Type 2 Diabetic Patients.
